Meeting Notes: March 18, 2026

The March meeting, of the American Revolution Round Table of Richmond, was held on March 18, 2026, in the Heilman Dining Center, at the University of Richmond.

The evening’s presentation “The Illinois Campaign, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vincennes 1778-1779” was made by Glenn F. Williams. Glenn is a retired Army officer who recently retired from federal civilian service as a Senior Historian at the U.S. Army Center of Military History, Fort McNair, DC. He has also served as Historian of the American Battlefield Protection Program of the National Park Service, Curator / Historian of the USS Constellation Museum, and Assistant Curator of the Baltimore Civil War Museum – President Street Station. Beyond his publications for Center for Military History, he is the author of several books, including Year of the Hangman: George Washington’s Campaign Against the Iroquois (Westholme 2005), recipient of the Thomas J. Fleming Award for the Outstanding Revolutionary War Book of 2005, and named one of “The 100 Best American Revolution Books of All Time” by the Journal of the American Revolution in the spring 2017 issue. For his book, Dunmore’s War: The Last Conflict of America’s Colonial Era (Westholme 2017), Glenn was recognized for contributions to the study of 18th Century American military history with the Shelby Cullom Davis Award of the Ohio Society of Colonial Wars and the Judge Robert K. Woltz Award of the French and Indian War Foundation. He holds a Ph.D. in History from the University of Maryland, College Park.

The British were initiating the southern strategy to regain control of the rebellious Southern Colonies by appealing to the relatively strong Loyalist sentiment there. George Germain, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, wrote to General Sir Henry Clinton that capturing the Southern Colonies was "considered by the King as an object of great importance in the scale of the war." Germain's instructions to Clinton, framed as recommendations, were that he should abandon Philadelphia and then embark upon operations to recover Georgia and the Carolinas. At the beginning of winter 1778-1779, Washington was at the Middlebrook Cantonment for the winter and Knox was at Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site. British occupied Fort Detroit which served as a staging area for attacks on frontier settlements by British regulars, Butler's Rangers and Britain's Indigenous allies

Shortly after the Revolutionary War began, Kentucky County, Virginia (which then encompassed the entire Commonwealth of Kentucky, bounded on the west by the Ohio River) was being organized as part of Virginia, with George Rogers Clark as head of its local militia. Clark’s mission was to secure the forts in Virginia and Kentucky County, Virginia; secure Illinois County, Virginia; and, attack Fort Detroit.

Clark asked Virginia Governor Patrick Henry for permission to lead a secret expedition to capture the nearest British posts located in the Illinois country. This area had been ceded to the British as a consequence of the French defeat in the French and Indian War and became part of the British Province of Quebec. George Rogers Clark led, in what is named, the Illinois Campaign against the British. Illinois Country east of the Mississippi River along with what was then much of Ohio Country became part of Illinois County, Virginia, when claimed by right of conquest. Virginia Governor Patrick Henry commissioned Clark, a lieutenant colonel, and authorized him to raise troops for an expedition to seize the British outposts of Kaskaskia and Cahokia on the Mississippi River.  The Illinois Campaign began in July 1778, when Clark and about 175 men crossed the Ohio River at Fort Massac and marched to Kaskaskia (on the western side of the Mississippi River) taking it on the night of July 4. Cahokia was taken two days later (near Saint Louis), and Vincennes (on the Wabash River 180 miles east of Kaskaskia) was occupied by the end of the month and was renamed Fort Sackville. Several other villages and forts in British territory were subsequently captured without firing a shot, because most of the French-speaking and American Indian inhabitants were unwilling to take up arms on behalf of the British.

To counter Clark's advance, Henry Hamilton, Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec, set out from Detroit on October 7 with 125 militia and 60 Lakes' Nation warriors. They were later joined by a 34-man detachment from the 8th Regiment. Hamilton surprised Fort Sackville's small garrison and retook Vincennes on December 17. He decided to winter at Vincennes with the British regulars, while most of the militia, volunteers, and Lakes' Nations warriors returned to Detroit.

In February 1779, Clark’s force set out on an unusual winter expedition in frigid and wet conditions on an eighteen-day trek from Kaskaskia. Clark returned to the Vincennes settlement (in the Illinois Country). Clark’s force retook the town, forced Hamilton's unconditional surrender of Fort Sackville, and captured Hamilton in the process. The winter expedition was Clark's most significant military achievement as it secured the western frontier from attacks and served as a temporary deterrent to British and native incursions into Kentucky, and the U.S. acquiring the Northwest Territory that included Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (an area nearly as large as the original 13 states).

Hamilton was taken to Williamsburg, Virginia, was falsely accused of paying for scalps and was treated as a criminal rather than a prisoner of war. The Virginia Council, headed by Thomas Jefferson, ordered Hamilton placed in irons and confined to the Williamsburg jail until October, 1780, when he was paroled and was exchanged in the spring of 1781.

 

 

Routes to Vincennes by Henry Hamilton and George Rogers Clark

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Following Clark's victory, the Virginia General Assembly gave official status to the region northwest of the Ohio River and named it Illinois County. Illinois County, Virginia, was formed in 1778 to govern Virginia's claims to present-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota. Illinois County was abolished 5 January 1782 and the territory ceded by Virginia to the Congress of the Confederation in March 1784. Three years later, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, creating the Northwest Territory.

George Rogers Clark was subsequently promoted to brigadier general in command of all the militia in the Kentucky and Illinois counties. His older brother William Clark, was co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition that explored the Louisiana Purchase with Meriwether Lewis and who was subsequently made brigadier general of the Louisiana militia.

--Fred Sorrell, Secretary

Meeting Notes: January 21, 2026

The January 21, 2026, meeting was a Zoom meeting. Members of the University of Richmond’s Osher Lifelong Learning Institute also participated. Over 150 participants logged in for Woody’s talk.

The evening’s presentation was made by Woody Holton, Ph.D. who is the McCausland Professor of History at the University of South Carolina and author of Abigail Adams [New York: Free Press, 2009], a biography of the wife of John Adams. John was a key figure in the formation of the United States and second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The book was awarded the Bancroft Prize which is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of American history writing.

Abigail and John's marriage is well documented through their correspondence and Abigail’s letters to others. Woody’s presentation centered on Abigail’s life as a strong-willed person responsible for family and farm. John’s legal career was on hold while he attended to the interests of independence which required him to be absent from his home for long periods and at great distances.

Abigail helped financially support her family in the context of the times:

--By necessity Abigail became the family’s financial manager.

--By will she became the closest political advisor to John. She took an active role in politics and policy. Some referred to her as "Mrs. President". At times Abigail planted favorable stories about her husband in the press.

·    --Abigail was a risk taker. John was not.

·    --Abigail became creative in her money management. At the time of her passing, she had become involved in profitable investments which she managed while at home and while traveling with John to France and England.

·    --Abigail was a supporter of the revolution by financially enabling John’s political travels.

·    --Abilgail was a smuggler. When Abigail learned of friends in Europe who were returning to America, she would ask them to purchase goods, pack them as their own goods, and pay them for their troubles, extracting a few of the items for her family’s needs.

·     --She became a merchant buying household necessities and luxury items from British manufacturers, using bills of exchange, and selling the goods to local shopkeepers eliminating British middlemen. While the importation was illegal, she learned if one shipment in three escaped seizure the venture was profitable.

·    --Abigail was creative. John advised Abigail to invest in farmland. However, Abigail decided to ignore her husband's advice and instead invested in U.S. government bonds, which brought her far greater returns. Her investments in severely depreciated debt instruments issued to finance the Revolutionary War were well redeemed after Alexander Hamilton's First Report on the Public Credit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Report_on_the_Public_Credit] endorsed full federal payment at face value to holders of both Continental and state government securities. Was this an example of insider trading considering John’s role in the ultimate repayment arrangement? Estimates say Abigail was able to realize rates of return of over 20%.

·    --Abigail was a land speculator. Because coverture laws [https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Coverture] prohibited married women from owning or managing property, she had a trusted friend make land purchases in John’s name and using four straw men to secure parcels for each of her four children. She recognized that land at a greater distance from their Massachusetts home presented a better investment opportunity than ones close by which John preferred to buy. She purchased five 330-acre parcels in Vermont going against John’s instructions. When John learned of her purchase he objected but did not stop it.

·    --Abigail was a progressive person. Abigail owned no property so her will was not a legal document, but she wrote one anyway and John respected it and followed her wishes. His compliance with the provisions of his wife’s will transformed it into a legally valid document. In recognizing that current laws were not favorable towards females, she bequeathed the bulk of her estate to her granddaughters, nieces, daughters-in-law and female servants, in order to enable them to make the same claim on property.

·    --Abigail persistently advocated for gender equality.

Abigail died in 1818, predeceasing John by eight years. Abigail's financial acumen provided for the Adams family's wealth through the end of John's life, and he died debt free due to the will of his wife Abigail.

Fred Sorrell

Secretary